1/2500 for the anti-CRT C-terminal, 1/500 for the antiCRT Nterminal domain and 1/1000 for anti-GAPDH in TBS containing 1% skim milk and 0.1% Tween 20. After 3 rinses in PBS/Tween 20, membranes were PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189597 incubated 1 h at RT with secondary antibody. After secondary antibody removal, blots were developed using the enhanced chemi-luminescence detection system. 
Each sample was analysed in triplicate in three separate experiments. The viral glycoproteins F and H induce ER XL-518 site stress and alteration in Ca2+ homeostasis We next investigated whether both CDV surface glycoproteins, F and H, were sufficient to induce the aforementioned ER stress. Vero cells were transiently transfected with F or H-expressing CDV Glycoproteins Induce Vasostatin Release plasmids and immunofluorescence in fixed and permeabilized cells was performed 24 hours post-infection. As expected, the staining indicated that both proteins were localized along the secretory pathway up to the plasma membrane, though cell surface staining in fixed and permeabilized cells remained moderate. However, efficient cell surface expression of both proteins has already been demonstrated. Importantly, the staining was clearly enhanced around nuclei, suggesting ER accumulation. Indeed, co-staining of CRT, as a widely used marker of ER localisation, with F or H clearly indicated their co-localization, confirming the expected F and H targeting into the endoplasmic reticulum compartment . Hence, similar to results obtained in CDVinfected cells, Vero cells transiently expressing F and H exhibited accumulation of both glycoproteins in the ER, a phenotype that correlated with CRT over-expression. Conversely, there was no significant CRT upregulation in non-transfected cells, in cells expressing the cytosolic CDV nucleocapsid protein or in cells expressing an unrelated glycoprotein,. Together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that CDV-induced ER stress is mediated by the accumulation of F and H in the ER compartment. CDV Glycoproteins Induce Vasostatin Release 5 CDV Glycoproteins Induce Vasostatin Release We previously documented that CDV could induce a significant release of L-glutamate from hippocampal primary cell cultures. Interestingly, it has been suggested that following virus-induced ER-stress, Ca2+ may be released from the ER. We thus investigated whether intracellular Ca2+ is released as a result of CDV glycoproteins expression. This was achieved by using the GFP-aequorin reporter assay. CRT fragmentation is specifically induced by CDV infection CRT is not only used as a marker of ER stress induction but is also an important contributor to Ca2+ homeostasis. We thus explored whether the structure and/or localization was altered in CDV-infected cells. In a first series of experiments, Western blots were performed in order to analyze CRT during infection. Two different CRT antibodies were used: a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the C-terminal part of the protein, and a polyclonal antiserum, which is directed against the N-terminal part of the protein. While the full-length CRT protein was detected to similar extend in infected and non-infected cells, an additional fragment of about 30 kDa was exclusively observed in CDV-infected cells. This 30 kDa band was recognized by the C-terminal-specific antibody. The apparent low levels of cleaved fragments correspond to the fact that only 15% of the cells were infected at the time of cell lysis, as evaluated by counting GFP positive cells. We s