By G9.1 was dependent around the sequence GACGATCGTC. The substitution of CG for GC, or the substitution of AT for TA, AA, or TT, removed this impact. The involvement of IFN-ab receptors in ODN-mediated PBMC responses was determined by time-course analysis. We demonstrated that G9.1 SPDP chemical information induced IFN-a production inside the presence of anti-human IFN-ab receptor-chain 2 Ab. We confirmed that this antibody blocks IFN-a responses from Nasally Administered G9.1 Exhibited Phylactic Adjuvanticity by way of TLR9 Each mouse was administered 50 mg of G9.1 nasally with or without having 2 Lf of DT on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. No histological changes were observed within the brain, pharynx, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, or intestine as revealed by formalinfixed tissue samples harvested on day 42 and stained with H&E. Other mice had been nasally administered two Lf of DT alone, DT plus 5 or 20 mg of G9.1, or DT plus 10 mg of rCTB on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Peripheral blood samples were withdrawn on day 35 and serum titers of DTspecific Abs have been measured. When DT alone was administered, the serum titers of anti-DT IgG Ab have been as low as approximately 103 and 104 in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. In contrast, when G9.1 was co-administrated, the titers increased 10 1,000-fold, reaching maximal levels at 20 mg of G9.1 in C57BL/6 and 5 mg of G9.1 in BALB/c mice. Sera isolated after treatment with two Lf DT plus 20 mg of G9.1 or two Lf DT plus 5 mg of G9.1 exhibited protective antitoxin activity, Phosphodiester CpG as Mucosal Adjuvant whereas the sera of mice that received DT alone did not. 23148522 Anti-DT IgA titer increased in sera from mice co-administered G9.1; however, anti-DT IgE was not detected. In contrast to wild-type C57BL/6 mice, an increase in the antiDT IgG response by G9.1 was not observed in TLR9 KO mice immunized using the same protocol, indicating that G9.1 adjuvanticity is mediated by TLR9. Although the response to DT alone was also lower in TLR9 KO mice, the interpretation of the results is not affected because the TLR9 KO mice produced IgG in response to rCTB, an adjuvant not dependent on TLR9. Nasally Administered G9.1 Stimulated Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-mediated TH1-type Ab Production MNS web Co-administration of G9.1 and DT enhanced the production of IgG2a and IgG2c as well as IgG1. To confirm the advantages of G9.1 as a vaccine adjuvant, we compared the serum titers of these Abs after DT and G9.1 treatment with the serum titers after combined DT and rCTB treatment. As shown in Fig. 4B, G9.1 administration elicited the production of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2c subclasses, whereas rCTB treatment induced only IgG1 production both in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. These data suggest that G9.1 exerts its adjuvanticity by enhancing TH1 immunity in a manner different from rCTB. This was supported by the induction of IFN-c in splenocytes prepared from mice vaccinated with DT plus G9.1, but not from mice vaccinated with DT plus rCTB. We then investigated the involvement of pDCs within the induction of TH1-type Ab production. BALB/c mice depleted of pDCs by mPDCA-1 Ab treatment and control mice treated with rat IgG2b have been immunized with two Lf DT plus 20 mg of G9.1 twice at a 1month interval, and anti-DT IgG2a and IgG1 titers measured in blood withdrawn one month after the last immunization. In antimPDCA-1-treated mice, the IgG2a titer did not increase with G9.1 administration and the IgG1 titer was 10 times lower than that in control mice. These results suggest that nasally administered G9.1 specif.By G9.1 was dependent around the sequence GACGATCGTC. The substitution of CG for GC, or the substitution of AT for TA, AA, or TT, removed this effect. The involvement of IFN-ab receptors in ODN-mediated PBMC responses was determined by time-course analysis. We demonstrated that G9.1 induced IFN-a production within the presence of anti-human IFN-ab receptor-chain 2 Ab. We confirmed that this antibody blocks IFN-a responses from Nasally Administered G9.1 Exhibited Phylactic Adjuvanticity by way of TLR9 Each and every mouse was administered 50 mg of G9.1 nasally with or with out two Lf of DT on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. No histological changes were observed inside the brain, pharynx, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, or intestine as revealed by formalinfixed tissue samples harvested on day 42 and stained with H&E. Other mice were nasally administered two Lf of DT alone, DT plus 5 or 20 mg of G9.1, or DT plus 10 mg of rCTB on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Peripheral blood samples had been withdrawn on day 35 and serum titers of DTspecific Abs have been measured. When DT alone was administered, the serum titers of anti-DT IgG Ab have been as low as approximately 103 and 104 in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively. In contrast, when G9.1 was co-administrated, the titers increased 10 1,000-fold, reaching maximal levels at 20 mg of G9.1 in C57BL/6 and 5 mg of G9.1 in BALB/c mice. Sera isolated after treatment with 2 Lf DT plus 20 mg of G9.1 or two Lf DT plus 5 mg of G9.1 exhibited protective antitoxin activity, Phosphodiester CpG as Mucosal Adjuvant whereas the sera of mice that received DT alone did not. 23148522 Anti-DT IgA titer increased in sera from mice co-administered G9.1; however, anti-DT IgE was not detected. In contrast to wild-type C57BL/6 mice, an increase in the antiDT IgG response by G9.1 was not observed in TLR9 KO mice immunized using the same protocol, indicating that G9.1 adjuvanticity is mediated by TLR9. Although the response to DT alone was also lower in TLR9 KO mice, the interpretation of the results is not affected because the TLR9 KO mice produced IgG in response to rCTB, an adjuvant not dependent on TLR9. Nasally Administered G9.1 Stimulated Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-mediated TH1-type Ab Production Co-administration of G9.1 and DT enhanced the production of IgG2a and IgG2c as well as IgG1. To confirm the advantages of G9.1 as a vaccine adjuvant, we compared the serum titers of these Abs after DT and G9.1 treatment with the serum titers after combined DT and rCTB treatment. As shown in Fig. 4B, G9.1 administration elicited the production of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2c subclasses, whereas rCTB treatment induced only IgG1 production both in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. These data suggest that G9.1 exerts its adjuvanticity by enhancing TH1 immunity in a manner different from rCTB. This was supported by the induction of IFN-c in splenocytes prepared from mice vaccinated with DT plus G9.1, but not from mice vaccinated with DT plus rCTB. We then investigated the involvement of pDCs inside the induction of TH1-type Ab production. BALB/c mice depleted of pDCs by mPDCA-1 Ab treatment and control mice treated with rat IgG2b have been immunized with 2 Lf DT plus 20 mg of G9.1 twice at a 1month interval, and anti-DT IgG2a and IgG1 titers measured in blood withdrawn one month after the last immunization. In antimPDCA-1-treated mice, the IgG2a titer did not increase with G9.1 administration and the IgG1 titer was 10 times lower than that in control mice. These results suggest that nasally administered G9.1 specif.