By ChIP-qPCR. All of these genes exhibit detectable ELK1 Duvelisib binding to their regulatory regions (Fig. 2D). However, the binding was relatively low compared to the established ELK1 targets, CDKL3 and RFC4 (Fig. 3D). It is not clear whether this level of binding is sufficient to allow ELK1mediated gene regulation, as observed at RHOF and KIF20A, but this low level binding apparently has little effect on RAC2 and RACGAP1 expression and the latter two genes appear to be specific directly regulated GABPA targets.These experiments therefore identify RAC2, RACGAP1 and KIF20A as likely important nodes in networks associated with the cytoskeleton and cell migration, and these have been verified as direct targets for GABPA-mediated transcriptional activation.Key GABPA target genes are involved in cell migration controlOur data suggest that GABPA affects cell migration by controlling the expression of a programme of genes associated with this process through both direct and INK1197 manufacturer indirect mechanisms. To probe whether the target genes directly activated by GABPA are important for MCF10A cell migration, we investigated whether four of this category of genes RAC2, RHOF, RACGAP1 and KIF20A play a part in this process. Each of these genes was individually depleted in MCF10A cells by siRNA treatment (Fig. 4A) and the effect on cell migration monitored by single cell tracking. The depletion of RAC2 had a similar effect to depletion of GABPA and caused a significant reduction in the distribution of cells that showed strong migratory properties (Fig. 4B). Similarly, the depletion of KIF20A caused a significant reduction in cell migration 1480666 but neither RACGAP1 nor RHOF depletion affected migration (Fig. 4C). The lack of effect of RHOF depletion is predicted based on its identification as a false-positive for GABPAmediated regulation. These data therefore provide strong support for a role for GABPA in directly controlling the expression of a group of genes that have key functions 1676428 in controlling cell migration.DiscussionThe ETS-domain transcription factors are an excellent model to study how individual members of transcription factor families can elicit specific biological effects. Several genome-wide ChIP analyses have shown that different members of this family show broad overlaps in the genomic regions to which they bind [4?7,15]. However, despite these overlaps, there are groups of binding regions that appear to be uniquely bound by one or a limited subset of family members, and it is thought that it is through these regions that the specific regulatory activities of individual family members are elicited. Indeed, we recently showed that in breast epithelial MCF10A cells, the ETS protein ELK1 binds in a `unique’ manner to a set of binding regions, and through these sites, it regulates the expression of a set of genes that are ultimately involved in controlling cell migration [7]. There is another set of ELK1 binding regions that, in another cell type, can also be occupied by a different ETS protein, GABPA, and these regions are not generally associated with genes involved in the migratory properties of these cells. Thus, it was assumed that GABPA would not control cell migration in MCF10A cells but instead would drive different biological processes. Here, we demonstrate that although GABPA likely affects many different biological processes, contrary to expectations, it also plays an important role in controlling cell migration. However, GABPA and ELK1 controlGABPA a.By ChIP-qPCR. All of these genes exhibit detectable ELK1 binding to their regulatory regions (Fig. 2D). However, the binding was relatively low compared to the established ELK1 targets, CDKL3 and RFC4 (Fig. 3D). It is not clear whether this level of binding is sufficient to allow ELK1mediated gene regulation, as observed at RHOF and KIF20A, but this low level binding apparently has little effect on RAC2 and RACGAP1 expression and the latter two genes appear to be specific directly regulated GABPA targets.These experiments therefore identify RAC2, RACGAP1 and KIF20A as likely important nodes in networks associated with the cytoskeleton and cell migration, and these have been verified as direct targets for GABPA-mediated transcriptional activation.Key GABPA target genes are involved in cell migration controlOur data suggest that GABPA affects cell migration by controlling the expression of a programme of genes associated with this process through both direct and indirect mechanisms. To probe whether the target genes directly activated by GABPA are important for MCF10A cell migration, we investigated whether four of this category of genes RAC2, RHOF, RACGAP1 and KIF20A play a part in this process. Each of these genes was individually depleted in MCF10A cells by siRNA treatment (Fig. 4A) and the effect on cell migration monitored by single cell tracking. The depletion of RAC2 had a similar effect to depletion of GABPA and caused a significant reduction in the distribution of cells that showed strong migratory properties (Fig. 4B). Similarly, the depletion of KIF20A caused a significant reduction in cell migration 1480666 but neither RACGAP1 nor RHOF depletion affected migration (Fig. 4C). The lack of effect of RHOF depletion is predicted based on its identification as a false-positive for GABPAmediated regulation. These data therefore provide strong support for a role for GABPA in directly controlling the expression of a group of genes that have key functions 1676428 in controlling cell migration.DiscussionThe ETS-domain transcription factors are an excellent model to study how individual members of transcription factor families can elicit specific biological effects. Several genome-wide ChIP analyses have shown that different members of this family show broad overlaps in the genomic regions to which they bind [4?7,15]. However, despite these overlaps, there are groups of binding regions that appear to be uniquely bound by one or a limited subset of family members, and it is thought that it is through these regions that the specific regulatory activities of individual family members are elicited. Indeed, we recently showed that in breast epithelial MCF10A cells, the ETS protein ELK1 binds in a `unique’ manner to a set of binding regions, and through these sites, it regulates the expression of a set of genes that are ultimately involved in controlling cell migration [7]. There is another set of ELK1 binding regions that, in another cell type, can also be occupied by a different ETS protein, GABPA, and these regions are not generally associated with genes involved in the migratory properties of these cells. Thus, it was assumed that GABPA would not control cell migration in MCF10A cells but instead would drive different biological processes. Here, we demonstrate that although GABPA likely affects many different biological processes, contrary to expectations, it also plays an important role in controlling cell migration. However, GABPA and ELK1 controlGABPA a.