16 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway BIS Nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing) MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants NoStudySA(S) ManagementHansen 2013 [33] Required remifentanil dosage during tumour resection 96?7 g Remifentanil was only required in 34 patients. Mean dosage 156?00 g for the whole AC procedure. TIVA or dexmedetomidine + remifentanil (reinsertion of LMA if indicated) No AZD-8055 site NoNANARemifentanil was only required in 34 patients. Mean dosage 156 ?00 g for the whole AC procedure. TIVA (propofol up to 100 g kg-1 min-1 + remifentanil 0.07?2.0 g kg-1 hr-1) n = 327, dexmedetomidine up to 1 g kg-1 min1 + remifentanil n = 26, adjusted technique using all drugs n = 258 Continuous propofol (0.5?1.2 mg kg-1) and remifentanil (0.05?0.01 g kg-1 min-1) TIVA (propofol + remifentanil) n = 14, dexmedetomidine n = 15 No medication NK NA LMA removal, if needed: remifentanil 0.02 g kg-1 min-1 NK Resuming sedation like at the beginning No No No medication (LMA removal), remifentanil continued in anxious patients.HerveyJumper 2015 [34] NA.NANasal cannula (spontaneous breathing), additionally nasal trumpet if snoring. In high-risk patients n = 8 (high BMI, high tumour mass, high blood loss estimated) LMA. Nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing)PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,NA NA No No Nasal cannula or facemask (spontaneous breathing) 50 mg rocuronium (some patients) No LMA (controlled ventilation) Initial: Propofol 50?00 mg and remifentanil 0.1?.2 g kg-1 min-1. Thereafter: 3 desflurane and remifentanil 0.05?0.2 g. NK Initial: 1 Propofol-TCI Schneider model 200ml h-1 and remifentanil-TCI, Minto model, 2.5ng ml-1, thereafter: 1 mg ml-1 of propofol and 2 ng ml-1 effect site concentration NA Combination of midazolam, propofol, fentanyl or remifentanil Rom: (n = 28) Initial 1g kg-1 fentanyl + propofol 0.5mg kg-1. Thereafter propofol 1.6?.3 g kg-1 min-1. Chicago: (n = 13) Initial remifentanil (exact dosage NK, but aim 8?2 breaths min-1 + propofol 10?5 g kg-1 min-1, (n = 1) 2mg midazolam and 100g fentanyl NA NA No medication (LMA removed) TCI-TIVA on low level (LMA removed) Dexmedetomidine 0.5?.7 g kg-1 h-1 and propofol 25?50 g kg-1 min-1 and remifentanil 0.02?0.05 g kg-1 min-1, LMA reinserted. Propofol and LMA reinserted TCI-remifentanil 2.5 ng ml-1and propofol bolus 10mg. LMA if needed 0.05 mg kg-1 morphine No No No BIS LMA (controlled ventilation) LMA (controlled ventilation) Reduced dosage Deep sedation No No Oxygen via facemask (spontaneous breathing) No medication NK No No Oxygen via facemask (spontaneous breathing) NAIlmberger 2008 [35]NAJadavjiMithani 2015 [36]NAKim 2009 [37]TIVA (propofol + remifentanil)Li 2015 [38]PropofolLobo 2007 [39]TCI-TIVA (propofol + Remifentanil)Low 2007 [40]NAMcNicholas 2014 [41]NAAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy17 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway No 3l min-1 oxygen via nasal cannula. (spontaneous breathing) 3l min-1 oxygen via nasal cannula. (spontaneous breathing) LMA (controlled ventilation), endotracheal tube in one AC patient MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants NoStudySA(S) ManagementNossek 2013 [42] No medication Remifentanil and Relugolix biological activity supplementation with propofol. (Dosage NK) Remifentanil and supplementation with propofol. (Dosage NK) No No Nothing No NoNANARemifentanil in low dosage and if necessary supplementation with propofol. (Exact do.16 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway BIS Nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing) MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants NoStudySA(S) ManagementHansen 2013 [33] Required remifentanil dosage during tumour resection 96?7 g Remifentanil was only required in 34 patients. Mean dosage 156?00 g for the whole AC procedure. TIVA or dexmedetomidine + remifentanil (reinsertion of LMA if indicated) No NoNANARemifentanil was only required in 34 patients. Mean dosage 156 ?00 g for the whole AC procedure. TIVA (propofol up to 100 g kg-1 min-1 + remifentanil 0.07?2.0 g kg-1 hr-1) n = 327, dexmedetomidine up to 1 g kg-1 min1 + remifentanil n = 26, adjusted technique using all drugs n = 258 Continuous propofol (0.5?1.2 mg kg-1) and remifentanil (0.05?0.01 g kg-1 min-1) TIVA (propofol + remifentanil) n = 14, dexmedetomidine n = 15 No medication NK NA LMA removal, if needed: remifentanil 0.02 g kg-1 min-1 NK Resuming sedation like at the beginning No No No medication (LMA removal), remifentanil continued in anxious patients.HerveyJumper 2015 [34] NA.NANasal cannula (spontaneous breathing), additionally nasal trumpet if snoring. In high-risk patients n = 8 (high BMI, high tumour mass, high blood loss estimated) LMA. Nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing)PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,NA NA No No Nasal cannula or facemask (spontaneous breathing) 50 mg rocuronium (some patients) No LMA (controlled ventilation) Initial: Propofol 50?00 mg and remifentanil 0.1?.2 g kg-1 min-1. Thereafter: 3 desflurane and remifentanil 0.05?0.2 g. NK Initial: 1 Propofol-TCI Schneider model 200ml h-1 and remifentanil-TCI, Minto model, 2.5ng ml-1, thereafter: 1 mg ml-1 of propofol and 2 ng ml-1 effect site concentration NA Combination of midazolam, propofol, fentanyl or remifentanil Rom: (n = 28) Initial 1g kg-1 fentanyl + propofol 0.5mg kg-1. Thereafter propofol 1.6?.3 g kg-1 min-1. Chicago: (n = 13) Initial remifentanil (exact dosage NK, but aim 8?2 breaths min-1 + propofol 10?5 g kg-1 min-1, (n = 1) 2mg midazolam and 100g fentanyl NA NA No medication (LMA removed) TCI-TIVA on low level (LMA removed) Dexmedetomidine 0.5?.7 g kg-1 h-1 and propofol 25?50 g kg-1 min-1 and remifentanil 0.02?0.05 g kg-1 min-1, LMA reinserted. Propofol and LMA reinserted TCI-remifentanil 2.5 ng ml-1and propofol bolus 10mg. LMA if needed 0.05 mg kg-1 morphine No No No BIS LMA (controlled ventilation) LMA (controlled ventilation) Reduced dosage Deep sedation No No Oxygen via facemask (spontaneous breathing) No medication NK No No Oxygen via facemask (spontaneous breathing) NAIlmberger 2008 [35]NAJadavjiMithani 2015 [36]NAKim 2009 [37]TIVA (propofol + remifentanil)Li 2015 [38]PropofolLobo 2007 [39]TCI-TIVA (propofol + Remifentanil)Low 2007 [40]NAMcNicholas 2014 [41]NAAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy17 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway No 3l min-1 oxygen via nasal cannula. (spontaneous breathing) 3l min-1 oxygen via nasal cannula. (spontaneous breathing) LMA (controlled ventilation), endotracheal tube in one AC patient MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants NoStudySA(S) ManagementNossek 2013 [42] No medication Remifentanil and supplementation with propofol. (Dosage NK) Remifentanil and supplementation with propofol. (Dosage NK) No No Nothing No NoNANARemifentanil in low dosage and if necessary supplementation with propofol. (Exact do.