Ss and apoptosis in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28:988-997. 27. Gorlach A, Brandes RP, Nguyen K, Amidi M, Dehghani F, Busse R: A gp91phox containing NADPH oxidase selectively expressed in endothelial cells is a major source of oxygen radical generation in the arterial wall. Circ Res 2000, 87:26-32. 28. Hilburger EW, Conte EJ, McGee DW, Tammariello SP: Localization of NADPH oxidase subunits in neonatal sympathetic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2005, 377:16-19. 29. Miller AA, Dusting GJ, Roulston CL, Sobey CG: NADPH-oxidase activity is elevated in penumbral and non-ischemic cerebral arteries following stroke. Brain Res 2006, 1111:111-116. 30. Green SP, Cairns B, Rae J, Errett-Baroncini C, Hongo JA, Erickson RW, Curnutte JT: Induction of gp91-phox, a component of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, in microglial cells during central nervous system inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001, 21:374-384. 31. Qin B, Cartier L, Dubois-Dauphin M, Li B, Serrander L, Krause KH: A key role for the microglial NADPH oxidase in APP-dependent killing of neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2006, 27:1577-1587. 32. Fabian RH, DeWitt DS, Kent TA: In vivo detection of superoxide anion production by the brain using a cytochrome c electrode. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995, 15:242-247. 33. Singh IN, Sullivan PG, Deng Y, Mbye LH, Hall ED: Time course of posttraumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction in a mouse model of focal traumatic brain injury: implications for neuroprotective therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006, 26:1407-1418. 34. Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS: Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:57-69. 35. Hanisch UK, Kettenmann H: Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain. Nat Neurosci 2007, 10:1387-1394. 36. Streit WJ: Microglial senescence: does the brain’s immune system have an expiration date? Trends Neurosci 2006, 29:506-510. 37. Ohtaki H, Ylostalo JH, Foraker JE, Robinson AP, Reger RL, Shioda S, Prockop DJ: Stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow decrease neuronal death in PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28250575 global ischemia by modulation of inflammatory/immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105:14638-14643. 38. Huh PW, Belayev L, Zhao W, Clemens JA, Panetta JA, Busto R, BMS-214662 site Ginsberg MD: Neuroprotection by LY341122, a novel inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, against focal ischemic brain damage in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2000, 389:79-88. 39. Lambeth JD, Krause KH, Clark RA: NOX enzymes as novel targets for drug development. Semin Immunopathol 2008, 30:339-363. 40. Kahles T, Luedike P, Endres M, Galla HJ, Steinmetz H, Busse R, NeumannHaefelin T, Brandes RP: NADPH oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. Stroke 2007, 38:3000-3006. 41. Tang J, Liu J, Zhou C, Ostanin D, Grisham MB, Granger DN, Zhang JH: Role of NADPH oxidase in the brain injury of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurochem 2005, 94:1342-1350. 42. Lo W, Bravo T, Jadhav V, Titova E, Zhang JH, Tang J: NADPH oxidase inhibition improves neurological outcomes in surgically-induced brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2007, 414:228-232.43. Liu S, Tang J, Ostrowski RP, Titova E, Monroe C, Chen W, Lo W, Martin R, Zhang JH: Oxidative stress after subarachnoid hemorrhage in gp91phox knockout mice. Can J Neuro sci 2007, 34:356-361.doi:10.1186/1742-2094-7-41 Cite this article as: Dohi et al.: Gp91phox (NOX2) in classically activated microglia exacerbates traumatic brain injury.